This is the same way as if we have demonstrated that API steel pipe flow conditions that are similar to physiological flows inside mass piping systems. It might also lead to the trapping of low density material so that we are able to trap bubbles by addition of surfactants. Next, we need to describe the numerical simulations that are used to reconstruct the API steel pipe trapping. Thus we may help in the identification of the trapping mechanism in mass piping systems. In these simulations we have injected several hundred low density particles at the inlet of the steel pipe junction. After doing so, we may compute the entire trajectories using Newton's equation of motion. To be more specific, there are some particle models valid for the ranges in these simulations of mass piping systems. Our simulations have confirmed the experimental results as long as they show that small particles cannot enter the API steel pipe vortex.
On the other hand, large low density particles tend to rapidly move toward the vortex core and may become trapped in mass piping systems. Furthermore, the simulations reveal a subtle detail of the trapping process since it depends on the axial pressure gradient as well as flow velocity. At the same time, particles may get trapped only temporarily even though permanent trapping can be observed from time to time. We the origin for this effect of particle size in the discussion of the theoretical model we developed. The API steel pipe structure can be obtained for different parameter tempering in all micrographs since mass piping systems are characteristic with acicular or plate matrix. What is more, the corresponding low temperature quenching requires the relative small magnification as well as distribution of ferrite lath. On the other hand, mass piping systems are mixed with austenite and might illustrate ferrite plates that contain high density of dislocations.
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